Do you know what the Alternative Minimum Tax (AMT) is? Do you know if you are affected by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (TCJA)? You’d better learn—you may be required to pay it when April 15th rolls around.
The AMT is a tax imposed by the US federal government in addition to the regular income tax for certain individuals, estates, and trusts. The AMT is a substitute tax that Congress enacted in 1969 because lawmakers felt that many high-income taxpayers were simply not paying income tax. They’d found ways to work the system, through tax deductions, shelters, income exclusions and tax credits. As of tax year 2018, the AMT raises about $5.2 billion, or 0.4% of all federal income tax revenue, affecting 0.1% of taxpayers, mostly in the upper income ranges
Seems fair, right? After all, why should the folks with the most money pay the least (or in some cases no) taxes? In a perfect world, this would be true. But this is not a perfect world, and the AMT has one fatal design flaw: it’s not indexed to inflation. Indexing is a process of adjusting amounts periodically to reflect an increase in the inflation rate. The IRS frequently indexes dollar amounts for taxable income, contributing to tax-advantaged retirement accounts and taking tax deductions.
What does this mean? It means that more and more “regular” income earners are having to pay the tax, more people of what’s now considered average income are affected. The lack of indexing in combination with the growth of incomes over the last 30 years has resulted in rapid growth of the number of people who pay the AMT. The number of households owing AMT rose from 200,000 in 1982 to 5.2 million in 2017, according to the IRS. Fortunately, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (TCJA) reduced the fraction of taxpayers who owed the AMT from 3% in 2017 to 0.1% in 2018.
The AMT is essentially a parallel income tax (not an add-on tax) to the regular income tax. It’s structured similarly to the regular tax, but the AMT is based on a broader measure of income, lower tax rates, a high exemption, and fewer allowable tax credits. Most of the people who will be added to the AMT are those that the law was never meant to affect—people with many dependents, those who live in high-tax states and those who are heads of households.
It’s calculated by subtracting an exempted amount of income from total income. The exemption is $58,000 for married persons filing jointly and $40,250 for single taxpayers. For married taxpayers filing a separate return, the exemption is $29,000. The first $175,000 of AMTI is taxed at a rate of 26 percent. Additional income is taxed at a rate of 28 percent. When you complete an individual income tax return such as IRS Form 1040, you must complete a worksheet to determine if you owe the AMT. If you do, you must complete Form 6251.
As always, be sure to consult with a tax adviser before making any significant changes to you tax strategy. For additional up-to-date information on the Alternative Minimum Tax, see Tax Topic 556 on the IRS Website.
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